Microsoft Launches Majorana 1: Quantum Computing at Industrial Scale?

With the launch of Majorana 1, Microsoft has taken the lead in the race for quantum supremacy. This new processor features a topological core architecture that could represent a decisive advancement over Google and IBM, its main competitors, which have followed different paths in developing this type of technology.

Satya Nadella, Microsoft’s CEO, affirmed that, given the findings related to this new quantum chip, we might be witnessing a new state of matter different from those we already know. The Majorana 1 aims to make quantum computers capable of solving industrial-scale problems within years rather than decades.

The States of Matter: Key to the Breakthrough

Beyond the traditional states (solid, liquid, and gaseous) that we learnt in school, science has identified others such as plasma (present in space environments) or Bose-Einstein condensate (present in nanotechnology and quantum computing).

Microsoft has managed to harness “topological superconductivity,” a novel state of matter capable of two things: on one hand, it allows electricity to flow without any resistance; on the other, it protects this information from external disturbances. Imagine an aluminium wire cooled to extremely low temperatures: under normal conditions, electrons collide with each other as they move, generating heat and losing information. But in this new state, electrons glide perfectly, and any “noise” or external interference simply bounces off without affecting the information they carry.

It’s like a motorway for subatomic particles that, besides having no bumps or traffic lights, is protected by an invisible shield that allows them to move without external interference. This is especially important for quantum computers, whose biggest problem until now has been that their qubits (the basic unit of information in quantum computing) are fragile and lose information with the slightest interference.

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Majorana 1: The Revolution in Detail

The chip presented by Microsoft represents a completely new architecture in the field of quantum computing. Its design is based on aluminium nanowires joined in an H-shape, where each H contains four controllable Majoranas that produce a qubit. These structures can be connected and placed along the chip as if they were tiles, which facilitates scalability.

Unlike other quantum technologies, Microsoft’s topological qubits present three fundamental advantages:

  • Greater stability: Majorana particles protect quantum information from random disturbances, which reduces errors.

  • Digital control: Measurements can be turned on and off with simple voltage pulses, similar to flipping a light switch, instead of having to meticulously adjust each individual qubit.

  • Optimal size: The Majorana 1 finds a perfect balance in its dimensions, neither too small to hinder the passage of control lines, nor too large to require an enormous machine.

These characteristics address the two major challenges of quantum computing: scalability and qubit coherence. Whilst IBM or Google chips need enormous facilities to house the thousands of qubits necessary for practical applications, Microsoft’s chip can be held in the palm of one’s hand and would fit perfectly in Azure data centres.

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The Quantum Race: Microsoft vs Google VS IBM

After nearly 20 years of research leading to this discovery, Microsoft’s announcement completely reframes the competitive landscape in the sector. Until now, Google and IBM had dominated the headlines:

Google announced in 2019 that it had achieved “quantum supremacy” with its Sycamore processor, capable of performing a calculation in minutes that would take thousands of years for the most powerful supercomputers. More recently, it presented its Willow chip with more qubits, but following a similar architecture.

IBM has followed a progressive route by constantly increasing the number of qubits in its systems, with its 127-qubit Eagle processor and the ambitious plan to reach 1,000 qubits in the coming years.

However, both companies have faced a fundamental problem: as they increase the number of qubits, the difficulties in keeping them stable and connected also increase exponentially. It’s like trying to build a house of cards that gets taller and taller: it becomes increasingly complex with new layers.

Microsoft, for its part, has adopted a different approach. Instead of focusing solely on increasing the number of qubits (its Majorana 1 chip has only 8), it has developed an architecture that could allow the integration of a million qubits on a single chip. This reflects a different vision of the evolution of quantum computing.

Another advantage for Microsoft is that it has the backing of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which is responsible for investing in innovative technologies for US security. In fact, Microsoft, the company that created the first topological quantum chip, is part of the programme to develop the first fault-tolerant quantum computer at industrial scale.

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Aspect Microsoft IBM Google
Technological approach Topological qubits based on Majorana particles Superconducting qubits based on Josephson effect Superconducting qubits with Sycamore/Willow processor architecture
Current status Majorana 1 with 8 topological qubits Eagle processor with 127 qubits Sycamore processor (53 qubits) and Willow (with more qubits)
Key materials Indium arsenide and aluminium (topoconductor) Niobium and superconducting aluminium Aluminium and Josephson devices
Distinctive advantage High stability and digital control that promises greater scalability Larger number of functional qubits currently Demonstration of "quantum supremacy" in 2019
Main challenge Practical implementation of complex theories Error correction and stability at larger scale Maintaining quantum coherence with more qubits
Development strategy 20 years of fundamental research before announcing significant advances Gradual and constant increase in the number of qubits Public demonstrations of quantum supremacy milestones
Medium-term goal One million qubits on a palm-sized chip 1,000 qubits in the coming years Progressive improvement of capabilities
Integration with other technologies Azure Quantum combining AI, high-performance computing and quantum technologies IBM Quantum Composer and integration with IBM cloud Integration with Google's AI and machine learning solutions
Qubit control Digital through voltage pulses (like switches) Analogue by adjusting physical parameters of each qubit Analogue with precise microwave adjustments
Technology size Compact chip that could be integrated into existing data centres Large systems requiring specialised facilities Large systems requiring specialised facilities
External recognition One of two companies selected for the final phase of DARPA's US2QC program Wide academic and commercial adoption Recognition for the first demonstration of quantum supremacy
Error correction approach Error resistance integrated at hardware level Error correction codes at software level Error correction codes at software level

Practical Applications: From Laboratory to Industry

The quantum processing of this million qubits is necessary for these computers to offer solutions to real-world problems that are currently unaddressable even for the most powerful supercomputers.

Potential applications include:

Microplastic decomposition: Currently, there is no single catalyst that can break down the various types of plastics, a critical problem for addressing pollution. Quantum computers could calculate the properties of catalysts capable of transforming these contaminants into valuable or harmless by-products.

Self-repairing materials: Understanding at the molecular level why materials suffer corrosion or cracks could lead to the development of materials that automatically repair damage to bridges, aircraft parts, or even mobile device screens.

Advances in medicine and sustainable agriculture: Precise calculation of enzyme behaviour could revolutionise the development of personalised medicines and create more efficient biofertilisers that reduce dependence on chemicals, allowing crops with less environmental impact even in adverse weather conditions. Additionally, by being able to simulate molecular interactions in minutes, which today would take years, quantum computing would substantially accelerate drug development.

The most revolutionary aspect is that these applications are not mere theoretical speculations, but concrete possibilities that could materialise in less than a decade, according to Microsoft’s approach.

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Convergence With AI: Future Technological Potential

The potential of quantum computing can open new horizons when integrated with artificial intelligence. Microsoft is already exploring these synergies through its Azure Quantum platform, which combines AI solutions, high-performance computing, and quantum technologies.

In this scenario, quantum computing and AI could enable a future where solving complex problems becomes accessible through conversational interfaces. That is, a physicist could describe in natural language what type of material or molecule they wish to create and get a viable answer immediately, without years of trial and error.

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Conclusion: A New Paradigm in Computing

The announcement of Majorana 1 represents much more than a new product in the technology race: it symbolises a paradigm shift in quantum computing. However, years of development remain before we see large-scale commercial applications.

Will Microsoft be able to leave Google and IBM behind in the quantum race, or is it just a risky bet? Whatever the outcome, the horizon of quantum computing has expanded considerably, seeking to transform entire industries and our ability to solve the most complex problems in everyday life.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Microsoft Majorana 1 FAQ
When will Majorana 1 technology be available for commercial use?

There is no specific date, but Microsoft speaks of "years, not decades." Probably between 5-10 years to see significant commercial applications.

The transition from the current 8 qubits to a million will require overcoming significant manufacturing and control challenges.

How would Majorana 1 affect current cybersecurity?

It could break encryption systems based on prime number factorisation (such as RSA). However, "post-quantum" algorithms resistant to these attacks are already being developed.

Microsoft is actively working on this transition to be prepared when the technology matures.

What limitations does Microsoft's approach have that are not commonly mentioned?

Three main ones:

  • Requires extremely low temperatures (close to absolute zero)
  • Manufacturing defect-free materials is extraordinarily difficult
  • The physics of Majorana particles is still under development, which could require future design adjustments
Could this technology be accessible to medium-sized companies or will it be limited to large corporations?

It will be accessible through the cloud (Azure Quantum). Few organisations will own the physical hardware, but many will be able to use it by paying for computing time.

This model is similar to the current one for supercomputers, where access is distributed through cloud services.

What implications does Majorana 1 have for energy consumption and sustainability?

Paradoxically, although it will help solve sustainability problems, current quantum systems consume a lot of energy to maintain cryogenic temperatures.

Microsoft's advantage: more qubits in less physical space and digital control that requires less energy than the analogue approaches of competitors.